Tus hma

Cov peev txheej qub hais txog ob tus mlom tooj liab ntawm nws-hma, ib qho ntawm Lupercal, tau hais hauv 295 thaum ob tug ntawm Olgunia tus tsim tau ntxiv ib khub menyuam ntxaib rau nws, thiab lwm qhov ntawm Capitol, qhov twg Cicero tshaj tawm tias nws-hma raug ntaus. los ntawm xob laim xyoo 65 BC.... thiab tsis tau kho txij thaum ntawd los. Lub bronze nws-hma, tam sim no nyob rau hauv Capitoline Tsev khaws puav pheej, zoo li tau tsim nyob nruab nrab ntawm 10th thiab 14th centuries, tsis yog Etruscan era ntawm lub xyoo pua 5th. los yog xyoo pua 3 BC, raws li kev ntseeg.

Tab sis rau lwm tus, nws-hma belongs rau lub xyoo pua 4th. thiab ntxaib ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum plaub. Saib ze rau ntawm nws, los ntawm lub pose, cov leeg nqaij ntsoos thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov plaub hau uas zoo li embroidered, cia peb hais tias nws muaj zog zoo li cov neeg ua haujlwm Etruscan zoo kawg nkaus, uas muaj ntau hauv Rome.

Capitoline nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th, tau kawg. tau chained mus rau lub façade los yog nyob rau hauv lub Lateran Palace: nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMXth Chronicon ntawm Benedetto da Sorakte, qhov twg ib tug hauj sam piav qhia txog kev tsim lub tsev hais plaub loj ntawm kev ncaj ncees " nyob rau hauv lub palace Lateran, nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw hu ua....yog leej niam ntawm Loos. "Kev sim thiab kev tua" rau hma" sau ua ntej 1450

... Tus pej thuam dhau los hauv 1471 hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm San Teodoro, tom qab ntawd hloov los ntawm Sixtus IV della Rovere mus rau "Roman neeg" thiab txij thaum ntawd los nws tau nyob hauv Capitoline Tsev khaws puav pheej, hauv Loup Hall.

Cov duab puab qhia txog tus hma uas saib xyuas ob tus menyuam ntxaib, Romulus thiab Remus, ntxiv rau xyoo pua 15th, tej zaum los ntawm Antonio del Pollaiolo. Ntawm qhov kos duab Mirabilia Urbis Romae (Rome, 1499), nws twb tshwm sim nrog ob tus menyuam ntxaib.

Nyob rau ntawm Palatine Hill, thaum lub sij hawm archaeological excavations, txog 15 meters los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Villa Augusta tau pom. lus , ib lub tsev hauv av domed los ntawm Roman era.

Cov qauv no tuaj yeem raug txheeb xyuas nrog lub qhov tsua sanctuary qhov chaw uas nws tus hma tau saib xyuas ob tus menyuam yaus ntawm Mars thiab Ri Sylvia.

«Etruscan hma sawv cev rau tus vaj tswv ntawm lub ntiajteb sab hauv, Aitu, thaum tus hma kuj yog lub cim ntawm kev ua kom huv thiab fertilizing vajtswv Soran, uas Sabines tau hwm rau Mount Soratta. Tab sis ntawm cov poj niam Sabine, nws-hma yog ib tug tsiaj dawb huv rau Mamers, zoo ib yam li Roman vajtswv Mars, uas, raws li cov lus dab neeg, yog leej txiv ntawm tus menyuam ntxaib, thiab vim li no nws-hma muaj tus cwj pwm ntawm Marcia. . Tsis tas li ntawd, tus tsiaj patron ntawm Latins yog Luperco, los ntawm Sabine lub sij hawm hippus, lub ntsiab lus "hma", yog li ntawd, tau tshwm sim raws li ib tug hma, tus tsiaj tuaj yeem yog Luperk, tus vaj tswv ntawm tus tswv yug yaj thiab tus tiv thaiv ntawm pab tsiaj los ntawm hma. , ntawm nws cov hnub so tau ua kev zoo siab dei Lupercalia thaum Lub Ob Hlis 15. «

Yog li ntawd, lawv hais tias, tab sis qhov tseeb tus hma uas zov yog ib tug vajtswv poj niam, nws nyuaj rau xav txog ib tug Vajtswv uas pub niam mis. hma vajtswv poj niam.Nws yog ib tug ancient deity ntawm xwm, Great Niam, uas nws priestesses, nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm fertility ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam, professed. hierodule kev , los yog kev ua niam ntiav dawb ceev, nyob ib ncig ntawm lub pas dej hluav taws kub ntawm Castelli Romani.

Qhov tseeb, hauv Nemi lawv tau ua kev cai da dej dawb huv txhua xyoo uas yuam kom lawv rov qab mus rau lawv cov nkauj xwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ancients siv lo lus Virgo txhais tau hais tias tsis yog ib tug poj niam zoo li, tab sis ib tug uas muaj zog thiab tsis nws tso cai rau xa mus rau tus kheej, qhov tseeb, lo lus "virgin nkauj xwb" yog siv rau illibata.

Los ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam Lupa kuj los ntawm lo lus Lub tsev kho mob , los yog tsev neeg, rau ib nqe lus hais txog nws-hma ntawm niam ntiav nyiam cov neeg hla dhau, cov keeb kwm ntawm kev tshem tawm hierodulia, uas tau hloov mus rau hauv secular prostitution.

Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, cov pov thawj quaj qw ntawm lub hli nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam. Yav dhau los, Luperkali tau mob siab rau tus vajtswv poj niam Lupe, tom qab ntawd nrog kev tuaj txog ntawm yawg koob ntawm Lupe, Luperco tau los ua.

Lub sijhawm ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm nws-hma, thawj zaug qhia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua peb BC los ntawm Greek historian Diocles Pepareto thiab, tom qab nws, los ntawm Roman chronicler Quinto Fabio Pittore, qhia tau hais tias sab nraum Bronze Age ntawm nws-hma, Sacra Lupa nyob ua ib tug vajtswv.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws-hma tuaj rau peb, kov yeej kev ua phem phem thiab kev tsis saib xyuas medieval, txawm tias xob laim ntaus nws hauv 65 BC, ua rau ob tug ntxaib puas tsuaj.

Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, nws tau muab tso rau hauv Lateran, sab nraum Torre degli Annibaldi, ntawm lub hauv paus pob zeb txhawb nqa los ntawm grappas hammered rau hauv phab ntsa, txog rau thaum Sixtus IV, txiav txim siab nws heev pagan, pub rau cov Conservatives nrog 10 golden florins rau lub reconstruction ntawm. ob tug ntxaib.

Qhov tseeb, lawv tau raug pov los ntawm Antonio Pollaiolo nyob rau hauv 1473, thiab Lupa tseem nyob rau hauv lub portico ntawm lub Palazzo dei Conservatory kom txog rau thaum 1538, thaum nws tau tsiv mus rau lub colonnade uas adorns thawj pem teb nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub façade.

Thaum kawg, xyoo 1586, nws tau teeb tsa rau ntawm lub pedestal nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm ib chav hu ua della Lupa, qhov twg nws tseem nyob rau niaj hnub no. Ib qho yog nyob rau hauv chav tsev ntawm Palazzo di Montecitorio, thiab lwm qhov yog nyob rau hauv qhib huab cua, ntawm ib kem nyob rau sab laug ntawm lub Palazzo Senatorio hauv Campidoglio.

Raws li cov txheej txheem casting, nws-hma yog hais tias yog medieval, qhov tseeb nws yog cam khwb cia li ib daim, thaum lub sij hawm ancient sij hawm cov pej thuam tau melted mus rau hauv ntau qhov chaw thiab ces sib sau ua ke, tab sis kuj muaj cov khoom loj loj xws li cov hlau castings. Riace tooj. Hnub tsis ntev los no tau raug xaiv feem ntau vim tias nws tsis yog qhov tseeb thiab rov ua dua li cov pej thuam qub tshaj plaws, tab sis txhua yam no tuaj yeem pom vim cov kws tshawb fawb qub qub xws li Calandrini tau thov tias nws zoo ib yam li Etruscan casting, txawm tias cov khoom siv los ntawm cov hlau. . ...

Hauv Etruria, keeb kwm ntawm kev pub niam mis rau nws-hma lossis tsov ntxhuav yog sau tseg yam tsawg kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX BC los ntawm lub pob zeb nto moo ntawm Bologna.

Hauv Rome, tshwj tsis yog Dornestine daim iav ntawm Bolsena, cov duab qub tshaj plaws tsis muaj hnub rov qab mus rau peb xyoo pua BC, tshwj tsis yog Capitoline hma.

Cov tooj liab thaum ub, nrog cov menyuam ntxaib ntxiv tom qab, tau dhau los ua ib qho haujlwm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam zoo kawg nkaus, uas nws qhov tseem ceeb ntawm pej xeem thiab dawb ceev tuaj yeem taug qab tsuas yog hauv cov lus dab neeg tsim.

Cov duab tau khaws cia hauv lub qhov tsua Lupercal, uas Dionysius ntawm Halicarnassus nyob rau xyoo pua AD. dc nco txog tus cwj pwm qub heev, nws tau muaj sia nyob tom qab kev ua haujlwm tau ua nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Augustus, tsawg kawg txog rau xyoo pua tsib AD, thaum, tom qab kev tawm tsam ntawm Pope Gelasius I (492-496), lub tsiab peb caug ntawm Lupercalia tau muab tso tseg thiab hloov nrog lub tsiab peb caug ntawm Purification ntawm nkauj xwb ...

лиано — Qhov xwm ntawm cov tsiaj

«Yog li ntawd, lawv hais tias Latona, tau yug los rau tus Vajtswv no, hloov mus ua hma ; thiab yog li ntawd Homer, hais txog Apollo, siv cov lus qhia "tus archer nto moo, yug los ntawm ib tug hma." Thiab qhov no kuj piav qhia tias yog vim li cas, raws li kuv paub, muaj tus mlom tooj liab ntawm tus hma hauv Delphi, yos rov qab mus rau Latona yug. «

Nws ua rau peb xav txog tus vajtswv poj niam qub Lupe.

Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov ​​qab, raws li Polybius qhia peb, qhov ntawd cov velites , Roman lub teeb infantry, hnav hma tawv dua lawv cov kaus mom hlau, uas feem ntau yog hais txog pawg neeg sib ntaus sib tua mantle, uas hma tus ntsuj plig tau txhawb nqa tus neeg tua rog.

Sally cov pov thawj nyob rau hauv Ides ntawm lub Peb Hlis nqa nyob rau hauv ib tug procession lub shields ntawm nymph Egeria, uas tom qab ntawd los ua lub shields ntawm Mars, los ntawm txoj kev ntawm Rome, hnav khaub ncaws. nyob rau hauv hma tawv ... Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm patriarchy yog kev tshem tawm, tab sis tsis tag nrho, ntawm "kev txhoj puab heev" khaub ncaws ntawm poj niam deities, muab nws tsuas yog rau cov txiv neej gods, thaum lub feem ntau ancient haiv neeg pom xwm thiab deities uas ntws los ntawm qhov no, kev puas tsuaj thiab muaj tswv yim, tab sis. tsis puas. rau kev phem, tab sis rau lawv qhov, zoo li xwm nws tus kheej. Vim li no, cov ntaub thaiv npog tau txav los ntawm Egeria mus rau Mars, thiab vim li no Mars twb yog Vajtswv lub vaj, thiab tus tub rog kuj tau los ua ib tug neeg ua rog sai thiab yog li ntawd.

TOTEMIC REGULATIONS NTAWM LEGIONS NTAWM LUB IV Century BC